How-to & Style


Global arms trade project funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft in collaboration with COSTNET. Using statistical network models to understand the driving forces in arms trading in the last decades and today. Involved researchers are Göran Kauermann, Paul Thurner and Michael Lebacher, LMU Munich.
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Visit us at https://www.labroots.com/
Labroots is the leading scientific social networking website, offering top scientific trending news and premier educational virtual events and webinars. Contributing to the advancement of science through content sharing capabilities, Labroots is a powerful advocate in amplifying global networks and communities.
Founded in 2008, Labroots emphasizes digital innovation in scientific collaboration and learning. We have become a primary source for trending scientific news, webinars, virtual conferences and more. Offering more than articles and webcasts that go beyond the mundane and explore the latest discoveries in the world of science, Labroots users can stay atop their field by gaining continuing education credits from a wide range of topics through their participation in the webinars and virtual events.


Full Parts List.
Quality Breadboards (32 Breadboards Used)
https://amzn.to/4iw1MVG
2N2222 Transistors (962 Transistors)
https://amzn.to/41Nqg5H
Breadboard 22 Gauge Wire (Around 3 packs)
https://amzn.to/4iK1gnj
LEDs (1 Set)
https://amzn.to/4izng4c
Resistors 2K 1/4 Watt Metal Film Type (Around 800)
https://amzn.to/4kPbp3m
Resistors 100K 1/4 Watt Metal Film Type (Around 200)
https://amzn.to/4kPbp3m
Other Resistors (1-Pack)
https://amzn.to/4hxJbY2
Ceramic Capacitors (1 Set)
https://amzn.to/4iT36ln
Electrolytic Capacitors(1 set)
https://amzn.to/4bZwLak
Electrical Tape
https://amzn.to/41NvOx3
10000mAh Rechargeable Battery Pack
https://amzn.to/41WFoxQ
Recommended Tools
Wire Stripper
https://amzn.to/4hzF6md
Side Cutter
https://amzn.to/4izvdq4
Scissors (To mark wire cuts and cut resistors to length)
https://amzn.to/4iTaL37
Automatic Wire Stripper (I did not use this but it could be nice)
https://amzn.to/4iuwaQn
Good Reference Book on Building a Computer from Transistors.
Computer Time Travel Book
https://amzn.to/4iRcxli
As an Amazon Associate, Global Science Network earns from qualifying purchases.
Video Description:
A simple 4-bit computer is built on breadboards using individual transistors. This computer is called the GSN477. This is because it was built for the Global Science Network, is 4-bit, and contains two 7-stage counters.
Sections of the computer are the clock, program counter, ring counter, 10 bytes of memory, opcode register, opcode decoder, control matrix, data bus, accumulator register, output register, register B, and ALU.
Circuits are built using NAND digital logic gates, XOR gates, AND gates, inverters, buffers, and tri-state buffers. Larger circuits include D flip Flops, MS D flip flops, Edge triggered JK flip flops, and MS JK flip flops.
The computer shows how computers add and subtract numbers while running a simple program and this video was submitted for the #some3 competition.
0:00 Intro.
0:51 Computer overview.
1:30 Example program.
4:12 The clock
4:22 Ring Counter
4:53 Program Counter
5:33 10 Bytes of Memory
7:01 Opcode Register
7:11 Opcode Decoder
8:19 Control Matrix
9:06 Data Bus
9:44 Accumulator Register
10:21 B Register
10:51 ALU
11:15 Output Register
11:35 Building Suggestions
References:
Walker, J. S. Computer Time Travel: Building a Computer Processor from Discrete Transistors: A Look Back over 50 Years to the Beginning of Modern Computer Technology.
Oldfangled Publishing, 2017. Malvino, Albert P. Digital Computer Electronics. 1993.
Article I wrote about the 4-bit Computer.
https://www.gsnetwork.com/4-bi....t-computer-built-on-


Parts Used In the Video.
Quality Breadboard
https://amzn.to/4iw1MVG
Breadboard 22 Gauge Wire
https://amzn.to/4iK1gnj
LEDs
https://amzn.to/4izng4c
Resistors
https://amzn.to/4hxJbY2
10000mAh Rechargeable Battery Pack
https://amzn.to/41WFoxQ
Recommended Tools
Wire Stripper
https://amzn.to/4hzF6md
Side Cutter
https://amzn.to/4izvdq4
As an Amazon Associate, Global Science Network earns from qualifying purchases.
Video Description:
Using a current-limiting resistor is important when using LEDs. If the resistance of a circuit is too low the high current can limit the life of the LED or burn it out almost immediately. The goal of an LED is not always the maximum amount of light and a properly sized resistor can help achieve the proper brightness.
0:00 Intro
0:24 Voltage drop of diode vs LED
1:15 Voltage drop of different color LEDs
1:56 Proper resistor placement
2:38 3mm vs 5mm LEDs
2:56 LED brightness with different resistors
3:51 Resistor current equation
4:27 Minimum resistor table
6:05 Resistor power rating


Visit us at https://www.labroots.com/
LabRoots is the leading scientific social networking website and producer of educational virtual events and webinars. Contributing to the advancement of science through content sharing capabilities, LabRoots is a powerful advocate in amplifying global networks and communities.
Founded in 2008, LabRoots emphasizes digital innovation in scientific collaboration and learning. We have become a primary source for current scientific news, webinars, virtual conferences and more. Join for free and become part of the largest scientific learning community in the world


Parts used in this video.
Quality Breadboards
https://amzn.to/4iw1MVG
2N2222 Transistors
https://amzn.to/41Nqg5H
Breadboard 22 Gauge Wire
https://amzn.to/4iK1gnj
LEDs
https://amzn.to/4izng4c
Resistors (1-Pack)
https://amzn.to/4hxJbY2
10000mAh Rechargeable Battery Pack
https://amzn.to/41WFoxQ
Recommended Tools
Wire Stripper
https://amzn.to/4hzF6md
Side Cutter
https://amzn.to/4izvdq4
Scissors (To mark wire cuts and cut resistors to length)
https://amzn.to/4iTaL37
As an Amazon Associate, Global Science Network earns from qualifying purchases.
Video Description:
Four different ways to build a full adder on a breadboard is demonstrated in this video. This is done using different types of logic gates and integrated circuits.
0:00 Intro
0:38 Half Adder
2:41 Full Adder Truth Table
4:34 Full Adder 1, XOR AND OR
6:26 Full Adder 2, NAND Gates
8:25 Full Adder 3, NOR Gates
10:06 Full Adder 4, Integrated Circuits